Microbiological profile of isolated microorganisms from patients in intensive care units of a Hospital in Lambayeque, Peru, 2019-2020

Objective: To describe the microbiological profile of microorganisms isolated from patients in critical care units of a hospital in the Lambayeque region in 2019-2020. Materials and methods: Descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. A census study was carried out on 332 patients from critical care units with a positive microbiological culture registered in the file of the microbiology laboratory of the Lambayeque Regional Hospital in 2019-2020. The statistical software Info stat v8 was used for statistical analysis. Results: The median age was 50 years, predominantly male (55.1%). The most frequent culture sample was bronchial secretion (35.8%). The most frequently isolated microorganisms were A. baumannii complex (27.7%) resistant to meropenem and imipenem with 90.7% and 89.3% respectively, P. aeruginosa (13.9%) resistant to cefepime with 55.8% and 61.1% for Piperacillin / tazobactam, E. coli (11.1%) resistant to ampicillin with 94.7%; and K. pneumoniae (9.9%) resistant to ampicillin / sulbactam by 79.2%. Conclusion: The most frequent microorganisms isolated from the study population were the A. baumannii complex, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and K. pneumoniae; isolated mainly from respiratory secretions, of which the first two showed high resistance to carbapenems and aminoglycosides, and in the next two, half were ESBL.

Antimicrobial resistance, a process bet ween microorganisms and antimicrobials where the drug loses efficacy, becoming a complex challenge for public health, this natural phenomenon is currently (1,2) accelerated by the misuse of antimicrobials .
Currently, it is common to identify microbiological isolates in the hospital environment and outside of it, with resistance levels ranging from multidrug-resistant (MDR), extremely resistant (XDR), and even panresistant, in which no type of antimicrobial has an effect. With respect to the latest estimates for the Prevention and Control of Diseases of the United States (CDC), these microorganisms have a high economic impact of 35 million additional dollars in medical expenses; in turn, they are the cause of more than 2 million (3) infections and 23,000 deaths annually in the US .
In the CCUs, there is a diversity of microorganisms that are exposed to different antiseptic agents, which causes them to generate a speci c resistance for each antimicrobial group. In these units, patients are found in a vulnerable state due to their homeostatic and immunological instability, which makes them more (4) easily infected by these microorganisms .
Antimicrobial resistance is understood as the mechanisms that can produce various types of microorganisms in response to the use of drugs that are used for the treatment and prophylaxis of diseases caused by these. This is increased with its indiscriminate (5) use by the population .
There are two types of resistance, intrinsic, speci c properties of bacteria, whose same species are invariably resistant to some groups of antibiotics. On the other hand, the acquired type is revealed in therapeutic failures in patients infected with these bacterial strains that, through certain mechanisms, become resistant to the drug that was usually sensitive (6) .
Worldwide, as in India, it was shown that the most frequent species isolated in critical care units were Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, both resistant to cephalosporins. In addition, more than half of the S. aureus found were S. aureus resistant to methicillin (MRSA), and none of them were resistant to (7) linezolid and vancomycin .

Design and study area
The microbiological pro le is a document that includes frequency and resistance data corresponding to microorganisms isolated from patients cared for in a certain place, space, and time, to which statistical (10) interpretation is added .
The samples were processed by the VITEK® system in the study, automated bacterial identi cation, and antimicrobial susceptibility study system. The identi cation of bacteria is based on the inoculation of a suspension of microorganisms on cards with certain panels of biochemical reactions. Antimicrobial susceptibility is carried out similarly through cards containing standardized dilutions of different antibiotics corresponding to the susceptibility cutoff (11) points established as of 2018 .
The objective of this study was to describe the microbiological pro le of the microorganisms isolated from patients in the critical care units of a hospital in the Lambayeque region in 2019-2020. This research allowed us to have quality control for treating infections that occur, unlike other hospitals in the region.
A study, conducted at the Latin American level, reported that the most frequently isolated bacteria in critical care units were Escherichia coli and K. pneumoniae resistant to ampicillin, cefazolin, and (8) piperacillin/tazobactam .

Population and sample
The study population was patients from the HRL CCUs with positive microbiological culture, treated from April 2019 to March 2020. The study was census.
In 2014, in a social security hospital in Chiclayo, it was shown that the most frequently isolated bacteria in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) were K. pneumoniae, 27.3%; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 13.6% and E. coli, 11.5% resistant to cephalosporins and sensitive to (9) carbapenems and aminoglycosides .
A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach was carried out in the CCUs of the Lambayeque Regional Hospital (HRL).
The unit of analysis was the microbiological cultures registered in the HRL microbiology laboratory during the study period. Patients from critical care units with positive microbiological culture recorded in the HRL microbiology laboratory le were included. Incomplete or illegible records from the HRL microbiology laboratory le were excluded.

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Epidemiological variables were also studied: age and gender; laboratory variables: service of origin and type of sample; microbiological variables: isolated microorganism and antimicrobial susceptibility (sensitive, intermediate, and resistant).

Ethical aspects
In a database created in the Microsoft Excel 2019 program, it was The information obtained from the laboratory record was processed and subsequently sent to the statistical software Info stat v8, for its corresponding analysis. Descriptive statistics were per formed, calculating absolute and relative frequencies for the categorical variables; and measures of central tendency and dispersion for the quantitative variables, taking into account their normal distribution according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-t test.

Statistical analysis
The study in question was reviewed by the San Martin de Porres University (Official Letter No. 23 -2021 -CIEI-FMH-USMP) and HRL (Inv_Code: 0211-086-19 CEI) for its The record of results of positive microbiological isolates of patients admitted to critical care units between April 2019 and March 2020 was reviewed.

Type of sample
Bronchial secretion Sensitivity for the cephalosporin group was low; for urine samples, ceftriaxone obtained 5% while nitrofurantoin retains its high antimicrobial response.
Amikacin and meropenem maintain their response to K.
Finally, Table 4 shows the E. coli with a high sensitivity pro le to carbapenems such as meropenem, followed by ertapenem; and nally amikacin.
pneumoniae; For the TR samples, cefepime had a low response together with cipro oxacin.
R e s i s t a n c e w a s m a i n t a i n e d f o r trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in E. coli and for the rst (cefazolin) and third (ceftriaxone and ceftazidime) generation cephalosporins; the highest percentages of K. pneumoniae were for ampicillin/sulbactam and ceftazidime.   A. baumannii complex and P. aeruginosa were the most frequently isolated species, unlike a study conducted in (7) India that reported S. aureus and K. pneumoniae . On the other hand, two studies in Colombia reported E. coli (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) as the most frequent species in the critical care unit .

Microbiological characteristics
Other studies carried out in Peru reported P. aeruginosa (12) and E. coli as the most frequent species (Arequipa) ; while K. pneumoniae turned out to be the most (9) frequent species in a hospital in Lambayeque .
Finally, Table 5 shows that the isolates of P. aeruginosa were sensitive to amikacin and gentamicin. The two microorganisms were fully sensitive to colistin.
Regarding the susceptibility pro le of the isolated fungi, a sensitivity of more than 90% was obtained for uconazole and voriconazole.
When analyzing the E. coli a sensitivity of 100% was obtained for meropenem and 96.3% for ertapenem, similar to a study carried out in Colombia , and another in Lambayeque, where the sensitivity was more than Between 75.9% and 91.9% of A. baumannii complex were resistant to amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, values of lower than 100% resistance for these drugs in a study conducted in (17) Colombia . Carbapenem resistance rates for A. baumannii complex have increased dramatically worldwide, making the antibiotic arsenal more restricted, and clinical practice shifting toward agents (18) such as colistin . Colombia .
Gram-negative bacilli, mainly enterobacteria, such as E. coli are producers of ESBL enzymes and these are capable of inactivating rst and second-generation penicillins and cephalosporins, but also the plasmids that encode ESBLs carry resistance genes to other antimicrobials such as tetracyclines and co-trimoxazole, which is why the phenomenon of cross-resistance is very frequent and the treatment of infections caused by (14) these strains is more difficult .
K. pneumoniae presented sensitivities greater than 84.0% for amikacin and meropenem, results that were consistent with previous studies where they presented percentages greater than 60.0% and 100% .
Likewise, there were isolates of K. pneumoniae with higher resistance levels for ampicillin/sulbactam, ceftazidime and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole compared to those found in studies carried out in ( 1 2 ) ( 8 , 1 5 ) Arequipa and Colombia . ESBL production constitutes the most frequent mechanism that confers resistance to cephalosporins and other beta-lactams, except carbapenems, in the Klebsiella as shown in this (16) research .
The resistance results obtained in the study of P. aeruginosa for cefepime were lower than the results from Arequipa and Colombia . For carbapenems such as meropenem and imipenem, results were well (12) below those obtained in Arequipa and India . 53.3% of the isolates were resistant to cipro oxacin, unlike the (7) (12) high resistance that exists in India and Arequipa . Finally, 61.1% were resistant to piperacillin/tazobactam, while in India and Colombia the values were lower with (7) 30.0% and 50.0% [8], respectively. While a study in (12) Arequipa observed a higher resistance .
P. aeruginosa has a high level of intrinsic resistance to various antibiotics and is also capable of acquiring or inducing new resistance, signi cantly reducing therapeutic options. Intrinsic resistance contributes to resistance to penicillin, aminopenicillins (including combinations with β-inhibitors). lactamases), rst, second and third generation cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, tetracycline, and ertapenem ; however, the available therapeutic options are still effective in our environment.
Being a retrospective study, the limitations that exist are the measurement bias where the data was already measured and recorded by the microbiology laboratory service of the hospital under study. Likewise, the results have limited external validity due to the access restrictions of other hospitals that have intensive care units. However, it provides ndings that will allow the initiation of new and larger studies on the subject.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the bacteria most frequently isolated from cultures from HRL critical care units in 2019 to 2020 were A. baumannii complex, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and K.
pneumoniae. The antimicrobial susceptibility pro le of A. baumannii complex showed high resistance to carbapenems and aminoglycosides, but they were sensitive to colistin, as was P. aeruginosa. Meanwhile, E.
coli and K. pneumoniae were ESBL in half of their isolates, and showed high sensitivity to amikacin and meropenem.
Funding sources: Self-funded

Con icts of interest:
The authors declare that they have no con icts of interest to carry out this study.

Authorship contributions:
The authors conceived and designed the study; They also managed the permits and obtained the data to carry out the statistical analysis. They analyzed and interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors participated in the critical review of the article, a p p ro v a l o f t h e n a l ve r s i o n a n d a s s u m e responsibility for the content of the article.