![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Temas para la investigación neuroeducativa: enfoque transdisciplinario
107
PAIDEIA XXI
estilo de la educación tradicional;
la transmisión de conocimientos es
sin discusión, sin análisis, sin críti-
ca. Se requiere que los procesos de
enseñanza-aprendizaje se realicen
de manera cientíca, orientados a
la innovación, a crear nuevos cono-
cimientos en el contexto de lo que
signica la praxis de la responsabi-
lidad social.
Lo que se está enseñando y/o apren-
diendo está al margen de la neu-
roeducación. Un primer aspecto re-
levante que falta es aclarar respecto
a la tarea de las neurociencias, nos
lo proporcionan De la Barrera y Do-
nolo (2009), quienes sostienen:
La tarea central de las llama-
das neurociencias es la de inten-
tar explicar cómo es que actúan
millones de células nerviosas
individuales en el encéfalo para
producir la conducta y cómo, a
su vez, estas células están in-
uidas por el medioambiente,
incluyendo la conducta de otros
individuos (Jessel, et al. 1997).
Precisamente, las neurociencias
están contribuyendo a una ma-
yor comprensión, y en ocasiones
a dar respuestas a cuestiones de
gran interés para los educado-
res; por ejemplo, hay evidencias
según lo muestran las investiga-
ciones de que tanto un cerebro
en desarrollo como uno ya ma-
duro se alteran estructuralmente
cuando ocurren los aprendizajes
(Bransford, et al., 2003).
Otro aspecto importante: nos fal-
ta concebir la educación, desde la
perspectiva de la neuroeducación,
como “el sistema integrado de co-
nocimientos biológicos, neuroló-
gicos y psicológicos cuyo objetivo
es la comprensión y explicación de
la estructura de la actividad neu-
ropsíquica de la persona normal
principalmente, incluyendo el de-
sarrollo formativo del cerebro como
soporte neuroactivo de la conscien-
cia dentro del contexto histórico
social en que le ha tocado vivir y
desarrollarse” (Camacho, 2013, p.
3). En este sentido, se descuida por
ejemplo el contexto real, muchas
veces imitando otras realidades o
soñando con otras realidades muy
diferentes a la realidad peruana.
Falta concebir a la neurociencia
como una disciplina transdiscipli-
nar, porque esta interactúa con
otras ciencias, como la psicolo-
gía, la biología, la neurología, dis-
ciplinas que permitirían orientar
mejor el sistema educativo, sobre
todo para que se comprendan los
procesos de asimilación o procesa-
miento de la información de una
manera crítica y creativa, con liber-
tad de pensamiento, sin ataduras,
ni reglas que limiten a descubrir o
encontrar la verdad. Lo cual, ob-
viamente, es un proceso complejo
como es el fenómeno educativo.
Falta precisar las situaciones epis-
temológicas y metodológicas de la
neuroeducación. “El desarrollo hu-
mano y los procesos de aprendiza-
je son plausibles de ser estudiados
considerando diferentes niveles de
análisis: el biológico, el cognitivo y