![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Propuesta de límites de exposición ocupacional para la protección contra campos electromagnéticos
171
PAIDEIA XXI
de la directiva a las legislaciones de
los países miembros de la UE estaba
prevista para el 30 de abril de 2008
a más tardar. Sin embargo, la Directi-
va 2008/46/EC (2), del 23 de abril de
2008, postergó la transposición para
el 30 de abril de 2012 a más tardar;
y, nalmente, mediante la Directiva
2012/11/UE (3), de 19 de abril de
2012, se amplía el plazo hasta el 31 de
octubre de 2013
En los años 2010-2011, se realizó
un estudio desarrollado por la Direc-
ción General de Salud Ambiental del
Ministerio de Salud (DIGESA-n MIN-
SA), conjuntamente con la Universi-
dad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
(FIEE- UNMSM) y la Universidad de
Ingeniería (INICTEL-UNI y FIA-UNI),
sobre la exposición ocupacional a
campos electromagnéticos producida
por los equipos de terapia de pulsos,
diatermia terapéutica y electrocirugía.
En dicho estudio, no se tomó en cuen-
ta a los equipos de resonancia magné-
tica por representar una problemática
más compleja, y se decidió abordarlo
más adelante
Estos antecedentes demuestran la
preocupación internacional y peruana
por establecer límites adecuados para
la exposición ocupacional a los cam-
pos electromagnéticos de los equipos
IRM que, sin embargo, de acuerdo a la
experiencia europea, no son fáciles de
establecerlos.
Los estimados iniciales muestran
que para los trabajadores que reali-
zan movimientos cerca del magneto,
se superan los ELV por un factor de
5 a 10 veces para campos magnéticos
con frecuencias en el orden de 1 Hz
y, cuando los gradientes conmutados
están operando, la exposición proba-
blemente excede los ELV para cam-
pos magnéticos de 500–1000 Hz por
un factor del orden de 20 (4,8). En
general, los ELV para radiofrecuencia
de la Directiva 2004/40/EC pueden
ser cumplimentados para cualquie-
ra de los procedimientos actuales,
excepto cuando dos personas están
simultáneamente dentro de la cavi-
dad cilíndrica del sistema. Cualquier
superposición de cuerpos debería ser
evitada, ya que puede llevar a exposi-
ciones mucho más altas que exceden
considerablemente las recomendacio-
nes. Los procedimientos actualmen-
te aplicados para IRM intervencional
resultan en valores de SAR, cercanos
a los límites de SAR; sin embargo, la
exposición podría ser minimizada con
medidas apropiadas (4,8).
Esta situación genera cierta
preocupación con respecto a la expo-
sición de los pacientes y del personal
médico y paramédico a los campos
electromagnéticos de la IRM. La expo-
sición del paciente, generalmente, no
está limitada por las recomendacio-
nes internacionales, debido a que se
considera que estará bajo supervisión,
trasladando la responsabilidad al físi-
co médico o al tecnólogo médico. En el
caso del personal médico y paramédi-
co, se deberán observar las recomen-
daciones internacionales que limitan
la exposición de los trabajadores.
Es conveniente señalar que Directi-
va Europea establece los requerimien-
tos mínimos, es decir, da a los esta-