Engineering Profiles

Using Proteus and Cyclone ii for the practical teaching of VHDL and FPGA through software and hardware

Pedro Selencio Landaeta — 2024-12-31

This article aims to work with PROTEUS and the Cyclone II FPGA to design a 3-bit counter circuit in software and hardware. For the software part, PROTEUS will be used, and it comes with the GAL22v10, a reprogrammable CPLD manufactured by the company Lattice Semiconductors. The VHDL description will be made using the Cypress Warp Galaxy software, it generates a .jed file from the constructed VHDL file, the .jed file is used to record it in the GAL and thus be able to simulate the description made. The Galaxy software is free to use and a virtual machine is required because it works with Windows XP. Virtual Box will be used as Virtualization software belonging to the ORACLE company. Regarding the FPGA, the cyclone II ep2ct144c8n from the INTEL FPGA company will be used. Which will be programmed with the Quartus II 13.0 sp1 software. As a result, the circuit will be simulated in PROTEUS with the GAL 22V10 and in hardware with the cyclone II card.

Teaching of AM modulation using a state-of-the-art oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer

Jorge Paul Ubillus Gonzales — 2024-12-31

There are some documents that deal with the use of spectral analysis of AM modulation but a joint analysis in the time and frequency domain is not found. This is why the aim of the present study was to show the benefits of using state-of-the-art oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers for teaching carrier-present AM modulation (DSB-FC) in the time and frequency domains. For this, a spectrum analyzer, a radio frequency generator and an oscilloscope were used and we worked with different frequencies and modulation percentages. With the oscilloscope, the effective voltage (VRMS) and the peak-to-peak voltage of the pure carrier (Vcpp) and for the modulated carrier were measured, from these data the carrier power Pc and the total power PT were calculated, then the values. With the spectrum analyzer, the carrier power, total power (channel power) and the powers of the lower and upper sidebands were measured in dBm, µW and mV, and the theoretical values were calculated. Finally, the corresponding percentage errors were calculated for the two types of measurements. The results showed generally very low percentage errors, with the oscilloscope the maximum error was 14.38%, while with the analyzer the maximum error was 8.99%. In conclusion, DSB-FC x-learning teaching through laboratory experiences using modern spectrum analyzers and oscilloscopes provides very good quality experiential learning.

Interfaz gráfica en Matlab para determinar los índices de vegetación y agua de diferencia normalizada en imágenes multiespectrales del satélite PerúSAT-1.

Pedro Freddy Huamaní Navarrete — 2024-12-31

This research aimed to calculate and visualize the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) by processing freely available multispectral satellite images from the PeruSAT-1 satellite. The images covered the coastal area and three districts in southern Lima, Peru. The methodology applied image processing using MATLAB’s App Designer interface under segmentation and multispectral analysis techniques to extract relevant data from the available RGB and NIR spectral bands.

Image correction and enhancement, meticulously performed, were also carried out to ensure the extracted data were accurate and useful for subsequent analyses. Additionally, the developed application enabled the visualization of the NDVI and NDWI indixes. It provided representations of the histograms of the four spectral bands and the profile and average reflectance.

Message from the Rector

Félix Romero Revilla — 2024-12-31

It is a pleasure to welcome you to this edition of the magazine Perfiles de Ingeniería, a publication dedicated to exploring the development of engineering and its impact on today's society, so characterized by the relevance of technology and innovation.

Presentation of the Dean

Santiago Rojas Tuya — 2024-12-31

It is an honor to address you in this special edition of our magazine, dedicated to promoting research and innovation in the field of engineering. On this occasion, I would like to emphasize that we are dedicated at the Faculty to continue raising the quality and continuing education that benefits not only our students, but also our colleagues and friends in the profession.

Editorial

Teresa Salinas Gamero — 2024-12-31

In this edition, we celebrate the Outstanding designation awarded by the Peruvian Ministry of the Environment in the 2024 Ranking of Environmental Sustainability of Peruvian Universities to Ricardo Palma University, as well as fourth place in Metropolitan Lima and sixth place nationally. We would also like to highlight the URP's receipt of the SEDAPAL Award: Protectors of Water, for which the video produced by the students of the Faculty of Engineering was essential.

Relationship between Thermal Stress due to Heat and the Health of the Workers of a metalworking company

Yomayra Sandra Osorio Delgado — 2024-12-31

This article analyzes the relationship between thermal stress due to heat and the health of workers at the metalworking company in 2021.An applied approach was used, with a non-experimental cross-sectional design. The results show that 80% of male workers work more than 2 hours in conditions that include 62% of medium environmental levels and 24% of high levels of heat stress. The WBGT index in the areas of production (22.26) and accounting (17.83) does not exceed the established legal limits, but the correlation between environmental conditions and physical, mental and social health is significant, with a Spearman's Rho coefficient of 0.782 (p < 0.05). The conclusions recommend the implementation of preventive strategies such as hydration points and schedule rotation.

Implications of algorithmic fairness in artificial intelligence

Augusto Parcemon Cortez Vasquez — 2024-12-31

The use of Artificial Intelligence algorithms is not limited, as is sometimes assumed, to effective procedures; the use of this vocabulary raises several conceptions, interpretations and problems. In order not to get distracted in this linguistic labyrinth, we have taken a position on a very common characterization in the psychological sense that consists of conceiving it as a capacity possessed by certain organisms/mechanisms to adapt to new situations using for this purpose the knowledge acquired in the course. . from previous adaptation processes. The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into society and is generally used to make timely decisions that affect society and therefore people, in different areas. In the development of AI algorithms, systemic and repeatable errors can occur in a computer system that create unfair results, such as privileging an arbitrary group of users over others. These so-called biased algorithms are generally characterized by the existence of biases or distortions in the training data. The scientific community and government institutions have launched proposals to combat these risks that seek to reduce their negative impact on society. It is imperative to resolve aspects that go against Ethics, justice, Transparency and Equity of data, algorithms and their predictions. The present work aims to raise awareness that the development of algorithms to make decisions must meet three requirements: first, guarantee the balance between the set of data used and the programming of the algorithm with fairness that avoids discrimination and bias, second, guarantee conditions of transparency in the results, that is, the result obtained must be explainable to any user in a clear and simple way. The regulation of requirements for the development and use of AI should not be ignored, it must be aligned with the non-affecting of fundamental human rights

Iris scanning phenomenon within the regulatory framework

Javier Maurucio Muzzio Arguello — 2024-12-31

This report deals with the phenomenon of iris scanning for money, which in recent years, led by companies such as Worldcoin, has gained popularity due to the promise of financial gains in exchange for biometric data. We will also discuss the legal framework in different parts of the world, its statistics, current measures and opportunities, trends and challenges

Determination of the pre-consolidation effort from the liquidity index and the sensitivity of the clay soils of Pucallpa

Marco Antonio Hernández Aguilar — 2024-12-31

Currently, the preconsolidation effort is generally determined from the one-dimensional consolidation test in the laboratory, whose procedure is too long and requires a lot of execution time, where one must wait between 10 to 15 days to obtain the results. However, the United States Department of the Navy has alternative theories and formulas to determine this parameter in a more practical way and in less time, based on the determination of the liquidity index and the sensitivity of the soil.

Therefore, this research work will calculate the pre-consolidation effort based on the aforementioned methodology of fine soils (clay), a determining geotechnical parameter to calculate settlements due to consolidation when applying a load to a structure to be built. In this way, unaltered samples of clay soils well distributed in the city of Pucallpa have been tested, carrying out laboratory tests for identification and characterization of the evaluated samples, such as natural moisture content, liquid limit, plastic limit to determine their index of plasticity, in addition to simple or unconfined compression tests on unaltered and remoulded samples, necessary and sufficient data to obtain the Liquidity Index and sensitivity.

The result of the research was to confirm a reliable alternative methodology, which requires less cost and time to determine the pre-consolidation effort, whose results obtained have been compared with various one-dimensional consolidation tests carried out in the laboratory with samples from different projects carried out in the study zone.

Hydraulic structure as a solution to flooding in the Santa Bárbara de Carhuacayan district, Junín.

Gerardo Enrique Roca Bonifacio — 2024-12-31

In Peru, many populations are established near rivers to take advantage of water resources, which carries risks of flooding and erosion, especially during periods of high river flow. The Carhuacayan River, affected by heavy rainfall between December and March, generates debris that is carried to its banks, causing undermining and siltation that threaten the stability of inhabited areas.

The aim of this study was to determine the hydraulic and geomorphological parameters needed to design riverbank defenses to mitigate these risks. The geological and hydrological characteristics of the area were analyzed, and scouring was calculated using numerical and empirical methods. Based on this data, structures such as gabion walls and dikes were designed and modeled.

Among the results, vulnerable areas were identified, morphometric parameters were calculated, the design flow rate and scour profile were determined, and the optimal dimensions for the protection structures were defined. Additionally, an environmental impact assessment was conducted, and a project budget was developed.

It was concluded that the construction of riverbank defenses in flood-prone areas will effectively mitigate the risks of overflow and flooding, ensuring the stability and safety of human settlements. This comprehensive approach combines protection against natural events with environmental sustainability and economic feasibility.

Analysis of the resistance and durability of concrete with photoluminescent pigments

Esther Joni Vargas Chang — 2024-12-31

This study aimed to analyze the impact of photoluminescent pigments on the mechanical properties of concrete, specifically its resistance to compression and bending. The type of research was descriptive with a review of previous experimental works that evaluate concrete with pigments in concentrations of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 4%. The results showed a significant decrease in compressive and flexural strength with increasing pigment concentration, the reduction being up to 31.4% and 16.7%, respectively. Despite these decreases, there will be an improvement in visibility in the dark and an increase in the luminous intensity of the pigmented concrete. However, an increase in water absorption and lower resistance to freeze-thaw cycles was also found, affecting the durability of the material. The study concludes that photoluminescent pigments have a negative impact on the compressive and flexural strength as well as the durability of concrete and suggests that, although photoluminescent pigments provide aesthetic value, their use in structural applications should be carefully evaluated to balance the visual benefits with the structural integrity and durability of concrete.