Ciencia y Psique

Presentation

2023-07-01T15:45:03-05:00

En su volumen 3, número 5 (julio-diciembre 2024), la revista presenta seis artículos científicos que abordan problemáticas relevantes y actuales. El primer artículo analiza estudios empíricos sobre violencia y salud mental en Lima, proporcionando una visión integral de los patrones y factores asociados al comportamiento violento. El segundo trabajo examina la delincuencia, violencia e inseguridad en Perú en un contexto de corrupción, ofreciendo una perspectiva multidimensional de esta problemática social. El tercer estudio evalúa los cambios en los niveles de ansiedad-estado y estrés en estudiantes de secundaria durante la pandemia, mientras que el cuarto presenta una revisión sistemática de tesis sobre juicio moral basadas en la teoría de Kohlberg. Los dos últimos artículos abordan el desarrollo de instrumentos de evaluación psicológica: una escala para evaluar la reserva cognitiva en adultos y la construcción de pruebas psicométricas para evaluar factores psicosociales en asistentes de comedores populares.

Violence and Mental Health: Analysis of Four Empirical Studies in Lima’s Population

2024-12-04T22:32:12-05:00

This study reviews four empirical investigations on violent behavior and its relationship with sociodemographic variables and maladaptive behaviors in Lima’s population, conducted between 2020 and 2024 by the Mental Health Research Institute of Ricardo Palma University. Key aspects of each study were analyzed, including the title, author, type and design, sample, variables, specific hypotheses, statistical methods used, and results obtained.

The primary tool for analysis and comparison was the Propensity for Violent Behavior Scale, applied to samples of adolescent and adult students from Lima and Callao, including both males and females. The results revealed a distinctive distribution in measuring the propensity for violence, showing a left-skewed trend with few significant differences between genders and educational levels.

A notable finding was the link between bullying and violence, indicating that groups prone to such aggression exhibited medium-to-high levels of violence, highlighting the importance of addressing bullying to prevent its escalation. Additionally, a moderate correlation was found between the propensity for violence and variables such as stress, distrust, incivility, resentment, intolerance, and bullying. This suggests that high levels of these maladaptive behaviors can increase the likelihood of violent tendencies.

Crime, violence and insecurity in Peru in a context of corruption

2024-12-04T22:47:29-05:00

This research explores various perspectives on the psychosocial characteristics of delinquency, analyzing the level of risk associated with its presence in Peru and its connection to violence and insecurity, exacerbated by corruption. Several alternative solutions are presented and proposed, concluding with the selection of the most effective strategies, emphasizing the importance of prevention, solidarity, and unity as fundamental pillars to address this issue.

Changes in anxiety-state and stress indices in high school students of a female school in Ayacucho during the COVID-19 pandemic

2024-12-04T23:03:30-05:00

This comparative and longitudinal study aims to determine the variations in the levels of anxiety-status and stress in high school students of a female high school in Ayacucho between 2020 and 2022, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research involved two independent samples, evaluated in two different periods to compare scores, with a total of 207 participants aged 12 to 17 years. For data collection, two judgevalidated instruments were applied: the Stress Indicators Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire. The evaluation was conducted both in person and virtually, depending on the application period. Thus, the results show significant changes in the anxiety-state and stress indices, both remaining at moderate and high levels among the groups we have studied. The findings indicate that significant changes in stress level were only observed in one of the groups when compared over the years of study.

Systematic review of theses (2017-2024) on moral judgment based on Kohlberg’s proposal

2024-12-04T23:14:33-05:00

This study aims to identify the problems, types of research, samples and results reported in theses on moral judgment based on Kohlberg’s theory, published in the National Registry of Research Works (Renati) between 2017 and 2024. The research is documentary and based on a systematic review, the Renati database has been used and examines the variables moral judgment and Kohlberg’s theory. Under that framework, 29 potential studies were identified between 2016 and 2019, and ten of them were deeply analyzed. Regarding the methodology, the most used instruments were the DIT and the SROM, both aligned with Kohlberg’s theoretical proposal, and moral dilemmas were used as a strategy for the development of moral judgment. The findings highlight an interest in applying this theory at the primary, secondary and higher education levels, as well as among teachers and principals of educational institutions. Finally, the studies reveal the interest in measuring the level of development of moral judgment in different groups in order to have a better understanding of their decisions regarding dilemmas related to compliance with norms.

ABI-6 psychological scale to measure cognitive reserve in adult individuals

2024-12-04T23:25:43-05:00

The main objective of this basic-technological research, with a nonexperimental, cross-sectional and quantitative design, is to develop and validate a new instrument called the ABI-6 Cognitive Reserve Scale. This instrument was created to evaluate and diagnose the level of cognitive reserve in adults between 35 and 60 years of age living in the district of Bellavista, Callao. Likewise, the sample included one hundred participants, men and women in the aforementioned age range, who had no disabilities or disabling neurocognitive diseases. The psychometric properties of the instrument were evaluated by means of criterion validity analysis by judges and calculation of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to determine its reliability. The results showed that the ABI-6 Cognitive Reserve Scale reached acceptable levels of reliability and validity for its application in this specific context.

Construction and adaptation of psychometric tests to evaluate psychosocial factors in assistants of soup kitchens in southern Lima

2024-12-04T23:56:54-05:00

The study of psychosocial variables in populations attending soup kitchens throughout Peru is limited, especially with regard to the measurement of key constructs by means of brief psychometric instruments. For this reason, the present research aims at the construction and psychometric adaptation of measurement instruments on psychosocial factors relevant to this context. A sample of 117 participants was used and evidence of validity (content and internal structure), reliability (internal consistency) and percentile ranks were obtained from brief tests assessing job satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, effective parenting and perceived social support. The results are analyzed and discussed in terms of the relevance of these measurement proposals for soup kitchen communities, which are categorized as vulnerable.

Tajer, D. (comp.). Psicología feminista. 30 años de la cátedra Introducción a los Estudios de Género de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. TOPÍA EDITORIAL, 2022.

2024-12-05T00:13:43-05:00

El concepto de género es motivo de muchas controversias, y no solo en América Latina. Los grupos conservadores suelen hablar de una ideología de género para relievar sus connotaciones políticas y lo que consideran su carácter potencialmente disruptivo para el orden social establecido. Qué duda cabe que en la región las feministas no la tienen fácil: son agredidas (no solo verbalmente), descalificadas, ridiculizadas y, en el mejor de los casos, ignoradas. No parece exagerado afirmar que solo en los países islámicos enfrentan condiciones más adversas.

Caballo, V. E., & Salazar, I. C. (dirs.). Ingenuos. El engaño de las terapias alternativas (2.a ed.). Siglo XXI Editores, 2019.

2024-12-05T00:18:02-05:00

Con un título algo desafiante («Ingenuos»), que probablemente hará que algunos potenciales lectores se sientan aludidos, estos dos psicólogos ibéricos nos entregan una obra que es un «ajuste de cuentas» con las hoy tan en boga terapias alternativas.

¿Quién no ha escuchado hablar de ellas? ¿Quién no ha jugado con la idea de «probarlas» o sugerírselas a algún familiar amigo? Existen, no es necesario destacarlo, muchas de estas terapias, para todos los gustos, malestares y enfermedades (inclusive para el cáncer). Incontables son quienes las practican e inconmensurable la cantidad de personas que recurren a ellas en busca de una solución para sus problemas de salud física o mental. En la introducción, los directores formulan una clara definición de las terapias alternativas: «toda práctica que afirma tener los efectos sanadores de la terapia empírica pero que no está apoyada por pruebas obtenidas mediante el método científico, por lo que su eficacia no ha sido probada científicamente más allá el efecto placebo» (p. 24).