Self-esteem, emotional dependence, and jealousy: an explanatory model in Peruvian university students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59885/cienciaypsique.2023.v2n3.05Keywords:
self-esteem, emotional dependence, jealousy, university students, PeruAbstract
Emotional dependence is characterized by an extreme emotional need of the partner expressed in behaviors aimed at seeking attention and avoiding unpleasant feelings, such as fear of loneliness or separation anxiety. Jealousy is a behavior whose frequency and intensity are related to the degree of emotional dependence, as it denotes feelings of insecurity facing the potential threat of losing the emotional bond with the partner. In both cases, the literature suggests that self-esteem plays an important role in the dynamic between emotional dependence and jealousy. The objective of this research is to postulate an explanatory model where the relationship between emotional dependence and jealousy is recognized, and self-esteem is proposed as a predictor of both variables among Peruvian undergraduate students. A cross-sectional design was used in a sample of 819 university students with partners, 37.73% men and 62.27% women. The instruments used were the following: Rosenberg self-esteem scale, emotional communication scale in romantic relationships (jealousy subscale) and emotional dependence scale. Constructs were modeled using confirmatory factor analysis, and factor scores were used in path analysis as part of structural equation modeling. The results indicate that self-esteem is a moderate predictor of emotional dependence and, to a lesser extent, jealousy; while emotional dependence presents a moderate relationship with jealousy, even after controlling the effect of self-esteem. In conclusion, the results represent evidence that supports intervention on self-esteem as an alternative to mitigate the degree of severity of emotional dependence, as well as the indirect reduction of the intensity and frequency of jealousy among university students.
References
Baumeister R. F., Bushman, B. J., & Campbell, W. K. (2000). Selfesteem, narcissism, and aggression: does violence result from low self-esteem or from threatened egotism? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(1), 26-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00053
Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: the dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103(1), 5-33. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.1.5
Bornstein, R. F., & Hopwood, C. J. (2017). Evidence-based assessment of interpersonal dependency. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 48(4), 251-258. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000036
Buck, R. (1999). The biological affects: a typology. Psychological Review, 106(2), 301-336. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.2.301
Buunk, B. (1982a). Anticipated sexual jealousy: Its relationship to self-esteem, dependency, and reciprocity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8(2), 310-316. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167282082019
Buunk, B. (1982b). Strategies of jealousy: styles of coping with extramarital involvement of the spouse. Family Relations, 31(1), 13-18. https://doi.org/10.2307/584196
Castelló, J. (2005). Dependencia emocional: características y tratamiento. Alianza Editorial.
Castelló, J. (2019). El miedo al rechazo en la dependencia emocional. Alianza Editorial.
Cho, E. (2016). Making reliability reliable: a systematic approach to reliability coefficients. Organizational Research Methods, 19(4), 651–682. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428116656239
De la Villa, M., Sirvent, C., Ovejero, A., y Cuetos, G. (2018). Dependencia emocional en las relaciones de pareja como síndrome de Artemisa: modelo explicativo. Terapia Psicológica, 36(3), 156- 166. http://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082018000300156
DeSteno, D., Valdesolo, P., & Barlett, M. Y. (2006). Jealousy and the threatened self: Getting to the heart of the green-eyed monster. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 626-641. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.626
Devlieger, I., & Rosseel, Y. (2017). Factor score path analysis: an alternative for SEM? Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 13(Suppl. 1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000130
DiStefano, C., Zhu, M., & Mîndrilã, D. (2009) Understanding and using factor scores: considerations for the applied researcher. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 14, 20. https://doi.org/10.7275/da8t-4g52
Green, S. B., & Yang, Y. (2009). Reliability of summed item scores using structural equation modeling: an alternative to coefficient alpha. Psychometrika, 74, 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-008-9099-3
Hart, S. L., & Legerstee, M. (2013). Handbook of Jealousy: Theory, Research, and Multidisciplinary Approaches. Wiley-Blackwell.
Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: a developmental perspective. Guilford Press.
Hayes, T., & Usami, S. (2020). Factor score regression in the presence of correlated unique factors.Educational and Psychological Measurement, 80(1), 5-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164419854492
Karakurt, G. (2012). The interplay between self esteem, feeling of inadequacy, dependency, and romantic jealousy as a function of attachment processes among Turkish college students. Contemporary Family Therapy, 34, 334-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-012-9185-7
Keith, T. Z. (2019). Multiple regression and beyond. An introduction to multiple regression and structural equation modeling. Routledge.
Lemos, M. y Londoño, N. H. (2006). Construcción y validación del cuestionario de dependencia emocional en población colombiana. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 9(2), 127-140. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/798/79890212.pdf
Marín, A. (2019). Dependencia emocional y autoestima: relación y características en una población de jóvenes limeños. Revista de Investigación y Casos en Salud, 4(2), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.35626/casus.2.2019.176
Martínez, N. C., García, L., Barreto, D. S., Alfonso, A., Parra, A., Duque, B., Ávila, L. y Rojas, N. (2013). Características de los celos en un grupo de estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Bogotá. Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos de Psicología, 13(1), 36-44. https://doi.org/10.18270/chps.v13i1.1356
May, D. (2000). Codependencia. La dependencia controladora. La dependencia sumisa. Desclée de Brouwer.
Meaney, M. J., Stewart, J., & Beatty, W. W. (1985). Sex differences in social play: the socialization of sex roles. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 15, 1-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60486-6
Papalia, D. E. y Martorell, G. (2017). Desarrollo humano. McGraw-Hill.
Parker, J. G., Low, C. M., Walker, A. R., & Gamm, B. K. (2005). Friendship jealousy in young adolescents: individual differences and links to sex, selfesteem, aggression, and social adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 41(1), 235-250. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.41.1.235
Parrott, W. G., & Smith, R. H. (1993). Distinguishing the experiences of envy and jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(6), 906-920. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.6.906
Petruccelli, F., Diotaiuti, P., Verrastro, V., Petruccelli, I., Federico, R., Martinotti, G., Fossati, A., Di Giannantonio, M., & Janiri, L. (2014). Affective dependence and aggression: an exploratory study. BioMed Research International, 2014, 805469. http://doi.org/10.1155/2014/805469
Pico-Alfonso, M. A., Echeburúa, E., y Martínez, M. (2008). Personality disorder symptoms in women as a result of chronic intimate male partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 23, 577-588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-008-9180-9
Pines, A. M. (1998). Romantic Jealousy: causes, symptoms, cures. Routledge.
Quiroz, I. X., Ortega, N. A., Godínez, M. G., Jahuey, A. M., y Montes, M. L. (2021). Autoestima y dependencia emocional en relaciones de pareja de estudiantes universitarios. Educación y Salud Boletín Científico Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, 9(8), 91-98. https://doi.org/10.29057/icsa.v9i18.6314
Rodríguez, M., Pellicer, G., y Domínguez, M. (2012). Autoestima: clave del éxito personal. El Manual Moderno.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton University Press.
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2). https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
Sánchez, R. (2012). Comunicación emocional en las relaciones románticas: diseño y validación de una medida en México. Interpersona. An International Journal on Personal Relationships, 6(2), 211-226. http://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v6i2.102
Sharpsteen, D. J., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1997). Romantic jealousy and adult romantic attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(3), 627-640. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.627
Shen, F., Liu, Y., & Brat, M. (2021). Attachment, self-esteem, and psychological distress: a multiple-mediator model. The Professional Counselor, 11(2), 129-142. https://doi.org/10.15241/fs.11.2.129
Sirvent, C., y De la Villa, M. (2018). Construcción y validación del inventario de relaciones interpersonales y dependencias sentimentales (IRIDS-100). Health and Addictions, 18(2), 35-47. https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v18i2.342
Skvortsova, S. N., & Shumskiy, V. B. (2014). Existential-phenomenological analysis of dependence in close interpersonal relationships. Existenzanalyse, 31(1), 4-13. https://www.existenzanalyse.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014_1_Skvortsova.pdf
White, G. L. (1981). A model of romantic jealousy. Motivation and Emotion, 5, 295-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992549
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Ciencia y Psique
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
